Why do some promising brain-stimulation devices fail the next steps of clinical development? review

Endpoint

• treatment/therapy: magnetic/electrical brain stimulation, ultrasound brain stimulation (clinical effects and treatment outcomes of different devices)

Exposure

• • electric field
  • magnetic field
  • also other exposures without EMF
• • electric current application
  • tDCS
  • therapeutic/medical device
  • electrotherapy
  • TMS (transcranial stimulation)